Blackberry species compared against each other, and total anthocyanin content occidentails Blackberry (214-428mg / 100G each cyanidin glucoside group in fresh weight [19]) seems less than coreanus Blackberry variable (33.3 -468mg / 100G fresh weight [7]), but something overall comparable. Water and ethanol extracts of grain has a carbohydrate content (approximately 32-34%). [20]
There are also biologically active in the seeds of the pulp / plant [21] and macerated oils or in some cases as a result of the industrial secondary winemaking; [4] [3] found some biologically active also in the root [22]
Coreanus blackberry fruit that will be selected on the basis of maturity stage show, and immature samples show more than half of the samples mature and mature anti-inflammatory [11] Similarly, the most effective antioxidants. [12]
Immature fruits appear to have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant is superior, which is probably due to the tannin content negatively degrading over time (usually large structures to degrade phenol small tannin property, also reduces the bitterness)
Coreanus Blackberry phenol compounds tend to change during the fermentation process.
Phenolic and ester compounds free a total of known that increase while the phenolic compounds are required portios insoluble to be reduced; [18] while the other two categories antioxidant rose due to more phenolic compounds, the last category are falling and the net change is not significant [18] Looking at the molecular changes, the amount of gallic acid detectable as free increases. (But reduces the ester form, totally unchanged) with acid changes Alcavic be the opposite, but with a general trend to increase; acids Hydroxycinnamic (Alwerleik, caffeic, cinnamic) tend to decline slightly in the free form. [18]
Phenol is switched formation during fermentation for more freedom and less phenolic glycosides, although the total antioxidant capacity of phenolic did not show a significant change
There seems to be herbal mixture containing Houttuynia cordata, Rehmannaa glutinosa, birch platyphylla and Blackberry coreanus designated CP-001 is generally used in the Korean medicine to treat blood circulation. [23] in studies that test the effectiveness seems to be uniform catalpol 1.25%, 0.26% and ellagic acid quercitrin 0.42%. [23]
Another specific situation KH-204 proved effective in mice model of high blood pressure (with regard to increasing the power of erection) of coreanus Blackberry together fibrosis chinensis, dodder chinensis, inventory and dogwood Lyceum chinense. [24]
Few Korean medical formulas that contain coreanus Blackberry, but its exact role in these formulations is not insurance
Pharmacy
2.1. Phase II enzymes interactions
Blackberry coreanus fruit is mature (0.167% in the diet) along with a high-fat mice diet has been observed that phosphorylize ERK (blocked by MEK inhibitor) and Nrf2 affected / are referred to the production of enzymes for the second phase, including glutamate ligase cysteine (GCL) and two catalytic subunits and modification, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1). [25]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an inducible heme oxygenase, heme and decompose to release carbon monoxide (CO) of antioxidant molecule signal. It is known HO-1 to suppress NF- KB, [26] and to prevent incitement Nrf2 / ARE refers Blackberry prevents anti-inflammatory properties coreanus characteristics of anti-atherosclerosis and NF- KB. [25]
Seems able to Nrf2 / ARE activate and stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, which are oxidation mechanism which is independent of the strength in the laboratory are similar to vitamin C
3. Neuroscience
3.1. Neurological
In an isolated PC-12 cells treated with H2O2 50 microns to induce cell death (by oxidation) treatment with anthocyanins isolated (10-100μg / ml) able to reduce oxidation with similar strength to 10 micrograms / ml of vitamin C. [7]
It has neuroprotective properties in isolated cells, which is common for anything that may reduce the lipid peroxidation (ie. Anthocyanins)
3.2. Soothing
In mice that received either 100-300 / kg of the extract of the fruit is mature or isolated 23-HTA or its glucoside (NIF1) half an hour before the test that all the extracts was observed and caused two molecules isolated with any analgesic effects be more effective than 100 mg / kg of aspirin and 10 mg / kg of morphine. [15]
It seems that the pain killing effects of the berries to be rather weak
4. Cardiovascular Health
4.1. Blood flow
Expand its investigation into the muscles in the penis, when 10-100μg / ml extract Blackberry coreanus immature cells incubated in A7R5 (the aorta) and it seems that fruits can reduce the calcium-induced potassium chloride out (26.1 to 59.8%), calcium release induced vasopressin (up to 64%). [5]
Inhibition of calcium release (which may fall below the baseline) is seen in the penis also extends to the endothelium, which may lie behind the traditional use of this plant to improve blood flow
4.2. Arteriosclerosis
0.167% of the high-fat diet (mice), and is composed of immature Blackberry coreanus can be mitigated to a large extent the development of atherosclerosis high relative to control more than 14 weeks of fat. [25] It is believed that the reason for this is due to the activation of Nrf2 (via the ERK / MEK) refers, as the prevention of antioxidant enzymes also prevented Nrf2 inflammatory signals in macrophages (NF- kB) activation has been observed in Nrf2 atherosclerotic plaque in mice fruit consumption . [25]
Can fruit extract immature suppress absorption of oxidized LDL in peritoneal macrophages (mouse) in a range of 2-10μg / ml associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK (with no effect on the P38 or ERK phosphorylation), which was not associated with the GRP78 or enzyme activity antioxidant and replication by a specific inhibitor of the effects of JNK. [27]
This seems to be hardening of the arteries berries to benefit by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL (antioxidants) and secondary activation of macrophages suppressed (anti-inflammatory); did not prove effective against other supplements
Cholesterol
In HepG2 cells isolated immature Blackberry coreanus in 5-20μg / ml capable of carrying antioxidant enzymes (catalase and HO-1 measurement) which is associated with a decrease in the absorption of cholesterol in the liver cells (25%); [12] This only happened with the extract Water was ripe fruits is able to reduce the absorption of cholesterol. [12] Then, the reduction of water extract from unripe berries tested again in the cells HepG2, which was seen both inside and outside the cell cholesterol (500-5,000ng / ml, with the highest powerful dose not much less atorvastatin 10 .mu.m and that high doses of blueberry coreanus seems less powerful) [10] and alongise this decrease in cholesterol dropped all of apolipoproteins (A1 and B) and the reduction of fat is associated with a lack of activity and increased SREBP -1 FOXO-1 activation and AMPK. [10]
Blackberry coreanus biologically active seem to change in liver cells in order to reduce the cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
Coreanus fruit is ripe raspberries (0.167% of the diet) along with a high-fat diet in mice show a little suppress increase triglycerides and total cholesterol without affecting HDL-C. [25]
And it can extend the reduction in cholesterol synthesis of oral ingestion of low doses of berries
5. interactions glucose metabolism
5.1. Glkoishn
A fermented coreanus mature Blackberry filter (ie wine.) Capable of inhibiting aldose reductase (inhibition of this enzyme to be therapeutic for diabetic retinopathy [28]) Work on the eye retina cells of mice with the value of IC50 2μg / ml and value IC90 (90% inhibition) of 31.6 μg / ml. [29] The strength of fermented extract similar to that of pure quercetin. [29]
It seems to be a very powerful inhibitor of shorthand Aloldoz in the laboratory, which can be useful for patients with diabetes who are at risk of diabetic retinopathy
5.2. Glycogen
500 mg / kg of the failure of 30% ethanol extract of grain for four weeks in mice and then exposed to a test swim to change the content of glycogen in the liver and leg. [30]
It seems that the change of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle in healthy mice exposed to exercise
6. skeletal muscle and physical performance
6.1. Muscle stiffness
Note A 30% ethanol extracted from the raspberry coreanus (500 mg / kg) in mice for four weeks before the forced swimming test increased 24.7% in the resistance on the control associated with a decrease in ammonia plasma yet any changes in triglycerides, and salts or glucose [30] Another test uses a protocol Note comprehensive training, two days of practice after consequtive in mice, and a decrease in performance is in control and the 20% ethanol extract attenuated when mature (80%; 1000 mg / kg.) are fed. [20] extracts the water does not appear to be effective [20].
Two studies have confirmed the anti-fatigue effects of this berry in animal models of physical strength, which may be related to the anti-oxidant effects
7. bone health and joint
7.1. Osteoblasts
In bone cells (MC3T3-E1) is able to alleviate the repressive effect of H2O2 in osteoblastogenesis secondary to its antioxidant properties within the scope of 10-50μg / ml [31] it seems to induce cell growth directly to a doubling (16μg / ml) or three times (63μg / ml) in a way is used by all of cycloheximide and tamoxifen (indicating that estrogen signaling to assemble new proteins). [31]
It seems to promote the spread of the builder of bone cells (which should lead to bone growth) in a manner involving estrogen, suggesting
8. inflammation and immunology
8.1. Interferon, and immunological
1000 mg / kg of water extracted from immature fruit Blackberry coreanus mice for 15 days can cause an increase in serum immunoglobulin G relative to the control, and this was a role model to a large extent of isolation Alwerleik acid. [32]
Macrophages
It seems to have mixed effects on the inflammatory Blackberry coreanus based on the stage of maturity and the fruit is mature cause the concentration of macrophages inflammatory depends (the formation of nitrite and 6 IL / secretion of TNF-α stimulation LPS) at concentrations ranging from 50 -400μg / ml, while the mature half mature less effective and ineffective. [11]
Unripe fruit of Tut coreanus agents more effective anti-inflammatory maturing fruit
It is known that NF-KB suggests in mice macrophages (located in the arteries) is reduced with oral ingestion of 0.167% of the diet of berries immature as [25] This is the impact that can be downstream of the HO- 1 induction [26] , which is known Blackberry coreanus to be able to do secondary for activatin ERK / singalling MEK and activate the Nrf2 / ARE warning (to induce HO-1); [25] was confirmed later in the macrophages, which are the result of the effects of anti-inflammatory observed that HO-1 is increased. [33]
Blackberry coreanus seems to induce antioxidant enzymes, which include HO-1, and increases when HO-1 is unable to suppress NF-KB activity. This effect Perry antioxidants underlying the anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages
8.3. Natural killer cells
500μg / ml Blackberry coreanus with the cultivation of natural killer cells for six days and seems to increase 2-3 times the rate of spread, it is believed to be due to Alwerleik acid content. [32]
It can promote the proliferation of NK cells secondary to acid Alwerleik
8.4. T cells
It seems 500μg / mL of Tut coreanus (extract water from immature) to stimulate the production of T cells in a manner time dependent [32], which is believed to be due in part to Alwerleik (acid is known to be active [34] confirmed when used as a reference [32 ]).
It seems to enhance the production of T cells in general; effects on T cell subset did not achieve
8.5. B cells
It seems 500μg / mL of Tut coreanus (water extracted from immature) to stimulate proliferation of B cells in a manner dependent on the time [32], which is believed to be due in part to Alwerleik (acid is known to be active [34] confirmed when used as a reference [ 32]).
Along the lines of natural killer cells and T, B cells also appear to be a catalyst
8.6. Mast cells
In mast cells isolated, ripe fruits Blackberry coreanus (water extraction) is able to reduce the release of histamine in the concentration range of 10-100μg / ml associated with inhibition of all MAPKs (ERK, JNK and P38) [35] and focus 10-1,000μg / ml inhibition TNF-α (57-85%) on the mast cells stimulated with Intergovernmental Group of Experts for the anti-DNP. [36] This is associated with an increase in the concentration camp. [36]
Extract hot water coreanus Blackberry berries ripe given to mice (10-1,000mg / kg) and then stimulated with compound 48/80 significant reduction in mortality of 100% within an hour in the control of up to 20% with 100 mg / kg and canceled In 1000 mg / kg. It seems to be effective when administered (shots) after 5-20 minutes 48/80 complex caused by systemic allergy. [35] These beneficial effects associated with low histamine in the blood [35] and has been replicated in other places with intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg / kg one hour before 48/80 canceled deaths complex. [36]
It seems that (very strong) anti-allergic properties associated with the suppression of histamine from mast cells Rellasa. He has confirmed in mice that were fed berry extract
8.7. Rheumatism
10-30 mg / kg or 23 HTA glucoside (NIF1) appears to cause adverse effects for rheumatism, according to assess the associated output for full custody Freund, and although the aglycone was more effective than NIF1 whether they are less effective than the reference drug (10 mg / kg of prednisone). [16]
Possible antirheumatic properties, but not too strong
8.8. Virology
A water extract of berries, in HepG2 cells infected with hepatitis B, has anti-viral effects with EC50 less than 128μg / ml and 29.4 to 95.9% inhibition of the production of surface antigen is an act of HBV (measurement of DNA replication of hepatitis B ) concentration in the range 64-512μg / ml. [37]
When tested against norovirus mice specifically norovirus -1 (MNV-1) and Alqtt- F9 calicivirus (FCV-F9) of juice coreanus Blackberry practiced antiviral properties to combat the infected macrophages (3-6% juice in the middle) concentration-dependent manner strongly higher (cranberry juice) reference drug. Showed [38] Blackberry coreanus retardant properties against plaque formation juice, viral replication and viral / internalization of adhesion and this was not because of either gallic acid and quercetin. [38]
It seems HVE antiviral effects possibly related to the importance of, waiting in vivo tests
9. interact with hormones
9.1. Androgens
Filter coreanus Blackberry mature extract (anthocyanin containing part) due to male rats in 100-500mg / kg during the 28 days she was able to increase testosterone to 334.5 until 750% of baseline (lower dose to be more efficient), while mature rose filter 100 mg / kg of testosterone 427.6% from baseline (500 mg / kg being a significant increase is 165.5% of the baseline). [39] associated with this increase in testosterone with an increase in the number of sperm, but you notice any change in grade prostate or seminal vesicle weight. [39]
The first human study to measure testosterone in response to 30G berries lyophilized (total phenolic 1.05 g) failed to find an increase in the course of four weeks of healthy men. [40]
The overly promising study in mice followed by lack of berries to increase testosterone in healthy men
10. oxidation reactions
10.1. Public
47-55% of the antioxidant capacity in coreanus Blackberry seems attributable to the anthocyanin content [7] (which, in isolation, is as powerful as vitamin C to examine the basis of weight DPPH [8]) and when tested against other Korean traditional medicine seems to be extracted Water for Blackberry coreanus is the most effective test outside vivo (assays DHCF and flare); higher than that of Schisandra and Terminalia chebula. [41]
The assay DPPH, immature berries 1-10μg show / ml to be more effective than the same concentration of ripe fruits But like 100-1,000μg / ml ripe fruits extract antioxidants. So that was similar concentrations of drug signal butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). [12]
This is mainly due to the rich content of anthocyanins, coreanus Blackberry seems to be an antioxidant compound is very strong (similar to how or even cranberry Aronia melanocarpa a powerful antioxidant because of anthocyanins). Tannins structures may also play an important role
10.2. Lipid peroxidation
It was also an anti-oxidant properties, such as increases due to iron in lipid peroxidation fermented berries extracts mature (ie wine) reduces the concentration dependent with 3.2-100μg / ml of extract (IC50 of 20 micrograms / ml full and canceled in 90μg / ml: compared to pure BHA) [29].
30 grams of freeze-dried berries (that gives a little over a gram of total phenol) to healthy men over the four weeks it is able to increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase (15.3%), which contributed to the low concentration of MDA in serum suggests 12% less lipid peroxidation. [40]
It seems to suppress either directly or indirectly (through glutathione) lipid peroxidation, has been confirmed in humans do
11. Peripheral Systems
11.1. Eye
Water alcoholic from Tut coreanus In summary, when tested in the laboratory in the effects of peak Frog lens focus Bull (600μg / ml), has been observed to cause a significant increase in the light of the ERG b wave eyes adapted (more prominent in the second) dark and improved visual sensitivity in unit recording. [42] have not been affected cocculin but canceled by kynurenic acid, and these events were associated with increasing renewal of rhodopsin and the reduction of lipid peroxidation [42].
Anthocyanins can benefit eye health, and despite the fact that there is a need for more research on this topic
11.2. Stomach
Was 10-30 mg / kg either 23 or AHT- glucoside (NIF1) able to dose dependently reduce stomach ulcers caused by a combination of ethanol and aspirin with less coming from NIF1 energy (5-36% inhibition) in the aglycone (32 -61% inhibition) but not more than 100 drug reference mg / kg of cimetidine (92%); associated [16] These characteristics Antaolcir with reductions in lipid peroxidation [16]
Blackberry coreanus anthocyanins (20-80 mg / kg) to rats before ulceration NSAID (naproxen) induced is also able to reduce the soreness near control levels associated with reductions in fat which was normalized to control the 20-50 mg / kg low peroxide still less control 80 mg / kg. [8]
Each of triterpenoids of anthocyanins and suppress the formation of ulcers, anthocyanins cancel NSAID-induced lipid peroxidation
Liver
30G in healthy men consumed freeze-dried berries a day for four weeks, it was noted a slight decline in the ALP in the blood (6%) with no effect on other liver enzymes measured. [40]
It may be in the proper human liver in a very minor degree, but not well-known mechanisms may be related to the extent of lipid peroxidation
11.4. Adrenal
In mice, 60-180μg / ml (but not 20 ug / ml) of polyphenols Blackberry coreanus (isolated from wine through distillation) in the adrenal vein perfused for 90 minutes can hinder raised acetylcholine and catecholamine release potassium (about 70-90% of the baseline) without firing basal catecholamine influences. [43] This is thought to be partly returned to the synthesis of nitric oxide (possibly downstream of the entry of calcium into cells pets chrome), and incubation with L-NAME attenuated the effects of polyphenols Blackberry coreanus. [43]
11.5. Male genitalia
500-4,000μg / ml green berry extract in isolated corpus cavernosum of rabbit is able to dose-dependently reduce the phenylephrine-induced contractions [6], which is also present in the somatic tissue of mice. [5]
It seems that the mechanisms to be endothelial-dependent part (believed to indicate nitric oxide), and the removal of the lining cut from 37.2 to 70.2% relaxation (1-3mg / ml) to 13.2 to 41.9%, [5] and channel Potassium blockade was ineffective and believed that calcium release from the sarcoplasmic retiulum underlied lowering effects observed. [5] Blackberry coreanus also reduce the basal calcium release at low temperatures of up to 1-100μg / ml (10-40%) [5] concentrations and has been shown to be additive with sildenafil (Viagra; PDE5 inhibitor). [6]
The suppression of secondary calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, berries appear to relax the penis tissues and enhance the erection started way with PDE5 inhibitors
12. interact with the metabolism of cancer
12.1. The proliferation of blood vessels
Methanol extract of Blackberry berries coreanus has been observed to prevent the binding of VEGF his future (IC 50 of 27μg / ml), and extraction of the water seems to prevent the KDR / FLK-1-FC immobilized binding VEGF165 (IC50 of 11μg / ml) because of material known as Sanguiin H polyphenols -6 also banned last VEGF165 receiver activation (IC50 300 ng / ml), and showed the effects antiprolfierative against VEGF isolated in HUVEC (IC50 7.4μg / ml). [13]
A large polyphenolic bioavailability of the question is a potent inhibitor of proliferation
