L- dopa is an amino acid supplement that produce dopamine in the body after oral ingestion.

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L- dopa is an amino acid supplement that produce dopamine in the body after oral ingestion.

L- dopa in:

pruriens Moukonh (53.31 +/- small seeds have 0.03mcg / g (0.53%) to 119.2 ± 6.9mcg / g (1.19%)) [1] [2] seeds tend to increase L- dopa content as they mature, with an average 3 0.1 to 6.1% according to the highest value recorded 9%. [3] [4] M.Pruriens papers has about 0.5%. [5]
Generally high in all Moukonh family members, including Holtonii (6,13 until 7,5%), Andreana (6,3-8,9%), aterrima (3,31 even 4.2%) and hypertrophic (1, 5 to 3.78). [6] [7]
Tamarendos indica (377.6 ± her seed 13.9mcg / g, or 3.78%) [1]
Bispinosa Sesbania (her seed somewhere around 425.6 ± 25.0mcg / g (4.25%) or 2.01%) [1] [8]
scandens Entada (167.2 ± her seed 6.9mcg / g, or 1.67%) [1]
Leucophloea Acacia (239.7 ± her seed 62.8mcg / g, or 2.39%) [1], although there is sometimes no. [9]
Bauhinia Variegata (291.2 ± her seed 6.9mcg / g, or 2.91%) [1]
Sword bean (422.4 ± her seed 12.0mcg / g, or 4.22%) [1]
Vigna aconitifolia, unguiculata and vexillata at about 0.58 up to 0.2% [6]
Prosopis chilensis [6]
The exact number in the sources are variable, as is the nature of the plants. It must have a general idea appears C.Gladiata, T.Indica and S.Binpinosa be very high, as pruriens Moukonh. Record source of L- dopa in the appendices.


1.2. Structure and physical properties

L- dopa, when oxidized, can form bonds with sulfur-containing compounds (such as cysteine) for the polymerization with other amino acids and bioavailability less protein when L- dopa is consumed through food. [2]

L- dopa can be destroyed by cooking vegetables and soaking with alkaline solutions. [4] [2] although it can also be destroyed with a small kitchen, it does not seem to destroy roasted L- dopa of pruriens Moukonh. [10]

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21. absorption

And it is associated with chronic use of L- dopa with greater bioavailability of L- dopa swallow the future. [Eleven]



3. interact with hormones

3.1. Androgens

It was associated with a dose of 1000 mg / kg of body weight L- dopa (the human equivalent doses of 160 mg / kg) mice with higher circulating testosterone level in rats after 7-14 days, and probably secondary to the hormone. [12] The study examined the relationship between the only other testosterone levels is one made in the Japanese quail, showing an increase in testosterone, probably secondary to the effect of dopamine in the testicles. [13]

Theory increase dopamine precursor of testosterone is there, but no investigation of the case in any depth.

3.2. Growth hormone

And it is associated with a 0.5 g L- dopa with increased circulating levels of growth hormone in people without pituitary insufficiency, with TMAX which amounts to approximately 60 minutes after ingestion. [14] has been copied this increase in growth hormone in other places. [fifteen]


3.3. Hormone

In mice, an oral dose of 1000 mg / kg of body weight (ie, the human equivalent dose of 160 mg / kg) increased hormone after 4 hours, but goes back to the foundation after 8 hours. [12] was not observed this effect in 200 mg / kg (32 mg / human kg) or any doses less than [12], and taking 500 mg of L- dopa in humans, according to the study, in fact lead to a slight decrease but Important in circulating hormone levels within 2 hours after treatment. [fifteen]


3. 4. cortisol

A study measuring the cortisol levels after taking 500 mg of L- dopa that the marked decline in cortisol is not significantly different from placebo. [15] A recent study in people with Parkinson's disease refers to a decrease in cortisol levels after taking 200 mg L- dopa (50 mg combined with benserazide). [16]

Bio X4 sexuality and pregnancy

4.1. Penile tissue

L- dopa management to 800 mg daily for 7 days in healthy men (no complaints from the penis problems) increased swelling of the penis (the thickness of the blood flow) is associated; however, its effects were more important when he was larger than testosterone in the blood suggests 17.5 pg / ml the effect depends on androgens. [17] In the young people (20-30) also increase the maximum circumference. [17] This effect could be mediated through transformational dopamine receptors. [18]

It appears to increase dopamine to increase the thickness of the flaccid penis, and this applies to supplementation with L- dopa is due to the increase of dopamine. Studies on the thickness of the erect penis does not exist

4.2. concupiscence

Interestingly, treatment with levodopa in Parkinson's disease is one of the potential side effects associated with excessive cooking hypersexuality dopamine by dopamine transformational. [19] However, it is commonly associated with chemical dopamine agonists instead of levodopa. It is one of the many side effects associated with dopamine agonist compulsion sexual expression only. [19] [20]

In men and women healthy, and one administration of 100 mg of L- dopa was able to increase the size of T- reflex (which is used to measure the orgasm) in the men's physical responses, although 100mg L- dopa was not effective to increase sexual desire or arousal nationality; [21] may be linked to the role of dopamine in the energy aspects of behavior motives, [22] based on oxytocinergic nerve cells in the PVN of the hypothalamus. According to [23] 3 men erection of the penis through the control film (not sexual) that are used side-effects funny.

Case studies of people who are using L- dopa more than 2.5 grams memorandum hypersexuality and more frequent (sometimes timing is decent) erection doses, although this subgroup of studies intertwined with mental disorders. Associated with doses above 6 g with increasing aggressiveness. [24]

Dopamine is definitely involved in sexual desire and sexual arousal in response to the physical, despite the fact that treatment with L- dopa may not be strong enough to be clinically relevant in insulation can be valuable in combination with other compounds. If the supplementation of L- dopa lead to increased sexual activity in healthy people is unknown.


5. Other medical conditions

5.1. Multi-disease ovarian cysts (PCOS)

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (excess levels of circulating androgens) can alter the effects of L- dopa hormone by mouth, reduced the increase in growth hormone after L- dopa seen in women under the SOP. [25] It is interesting, and seen these effects also in people who are obese. Characterized [26] above-mentioned conditions by increasing the levels of insulin and IGF-1, which may play a role in it. [25] The recent conditions, obesity, and appears to reduce the secretion of growth hormone from L- dopa by fatty acids high in the blood (triglycerides). This high TGS hinders the secretion of growth hormone in the rest [27] and low levels may lead to improving the effectiveness of the compounds that stimulate the release of GH. [28]



6. interactions elements nutritious food

6.1. COMT inhibition

L- dopa is converted to dopamine rapidly in peripheral tissues (ie, not the brain.) Through the enzyme dopamine decarboxylase, and this is the reason for the joint therapeutic pairing with carbidopa. Under these circumstances, the next major path that mediates the conversion of L- dopa (although the methylation process of 3-O- methyldopa) will be through Alcatikul- O- methyl tanker (COMT), which EGCG catechins of tea is known Green to prevent [29] and also advised in some patients COMT inhibitors drugs such as entacapone or tolcapone. [30] [31]

It seems that many of the COMT inhibitors suppress this secondary conversion of L- dopa in 3-O- methyldopa, including the (+) - catechin (3.7 +/- 3.2μM [32]), (-) - Abakatchen (10.7 + / - 6.7 mu M [32]), and quercetin (1.9 +/- 0.4μM [32]), but if the (+) - catechin worked in vivo injection of 400 mg / kg where concentrations are affected L- dopa in the plasma has not decreased methyl-3-O-. [32]

It seems that after the enzymes are provided dopamine decarboxylase, the enzyme COMT can be converted to L- dopa (relatively) more active and methyl. COMT inhibitors such as EGCG or (+) - catechin can reduce these interactions

Bio X4- adenosylmethionine

S- adenosylmethionine (himself) is a small molecule involved in a process known as methyl donation, seen as an intermediate in cell maintenance path.

A study in children suffering from dopamine deficeincy being treated with levodopa to levodopa supplementation resulted in a reduction in the same concentrations in the CSF with increased 3-methoxytyrosine. [33]



7. Safety and Toxicology

7.1. Drug-induced defect

L- dopa is capable of causing abnormal motor (dyskinesia induced by medication) is a common side effect when using L- dopa for the treatment of chronic control of Parkinson's disease. And the associated loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia (brain structure) with a process called dyskinogenesis. Production defect movement or involuntary movements of the skeletal muscles. [3. 4]

And dyskinesia associated with increased expression of Dinorvin in the scheme [35] and flexible than all preproenkephalin thousand and prodynorphin (preproenkephalin B) in the scheme. [36] [37] [38]

In neurological side of things, it is a hypothesis that is due to the awareness of drug-induced D1 receptors which are malfunctioning (dopamine -1) MSN neurons in the striatum. [39] leads to the awareness of high waterfalls and intermittent excessive indicates camp, and involuntary movement.

It is interesting, it is associated with tolerance to caffeine with D1 receptors in nerve block explosives, and can be used to control the engine involuntary associated with supplementation of L- dopa control symptoms. [40]

For healthy people, and the importance of dealing with levodopa-induced defect is unknown. The possibility of dyskinesia to increase with pathology appears, is associated with the destruction of nerve cells dopamingergic typical age of Parkinson's. An increase of 40% to 80% within 5 years of Parkinson's. [41] In monkeys have shown that is not the act of a defect in good health at the same dose causing an imbalance in dopamine neurons that are less and controls the progress of Parkinson's. Proposed [42] Another study in squirrel monkeys that loss of dopamine neurons melancholic Almkhtti a prerequisite for dyskinesia, and can occur due to a defect in levodopa healthy. [43]

Major concern associated with L- dopa, but in practice appears to be relevant only to those who suffer from Parkinson's disease or neurodegeneration similar. Probably not a concern for healthy people who are using L- dopa in moderation