5. Neuroscience

Nucific Bio X4 -4 in 1 Probiotic and Neuroscience

5.1. Mechanisms

Nerve cells in the brain appear to express an enzyme necessary for bioactivate vitamin D [99] with the highest concentration of this enzyme that occurs in the hypothalamus nerve and dopamine from the substantia nigra. [100] most of the cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), but it seems to be absent in the basal cells and nerve Nucelar Meynert in the cerebellum, [100] and expressed in glial cells in the brain. [100]

It seems calcium metabolism to underlie neuronal cell death by excessive stimulation, [101] [102] [103] [104] and hormonally active vitamin D given a protective effect in the laboratory in concentrations relevant physiologically up to 100 Nm, but not above . [105] It seems that the protection mechanism to be mediated through the organization to the bottom of CA2 + L-type ion channels sensitive to the effort [105] an effect that was also observed in bone cells. [106] [107] These channels have been implicated L- type in excess stimulation. [108] [109]

Study in rodents noticed these effects of living nerves, suggesting the slowdown in the rate of decline in the density of neurons in the hippocampus during aging in long-term treatment with vitamin D, which indicates to maintain nerve cells. [110]

Vitamin D seems to be able to modify a subset of the calcium channels in nerve cells, and cell death control through excess stimulation in the laboratory based on data from a group of animals.

5.2. Knowledge

In young adults vitamin D insufficient (76.6 +/- 19.9nmol / L), adding vitamin D 5000IU diet for a period of one month can not affect the working memory, inhibition response or cognitive flexibility despite the fact that increased serum vitamin D at a rate of 98nmol levels / L [111], anxiety and anger tens been similarly affected. [111]


5.3. Low

Inverse relationship between vitamin D and depression has emerged (low-linked vitamin D with more symptoms of depression) said for the first time in 1979 [112] and associations in at risk of accidents cardiovascular, [113] Fibromyalgia [114] and in women during the winter. [115]

Blood levels of vitamin D is inversely associated with symptoms of depression in some cohorts.
I noticed study a correlation between inadequate vitamin D (35-50nmol / L) and symptoms of depression in adolescents 54 As noted in the relief of symptoms after 4000IU 2000IU supplements for a month next two months, with serum vitamin D rose to 90-91nmol / L (high enough group) ; it observed a decrease by 42%, according to assess the size classification WHO-5, and seemed overall improvement. [116] were observed improvements in symptoms of depression in any other place in a small pilot study of women with low (link despite the fact that some evidence suggests that there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and depression symptoms, evidence is mixed this vitamin can supplements D helps with these symptoms, and the positive results tend to be in the population with low VITAMIND D to start.


5.4. Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease, and pro-inflammatory that affect the myelin sheath of nerve cells, and is a condition most common in developed countries neurological infections. [117] [118] assumed a connection between multiple sclerosis and vitamin D comes from the associations between MS and the show, which is also highly correlated with vitamin D [119] [120] and exposure to the sun during childhood is inversely related to the risk of MS in adulthood. [121] [122] and there is no relationship between maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and the risk of MS in the offspring was found, however. There [123] and the evidence points to a protective effect of sun exposure, [120] [121] [122] with a descriptive study for the establishment of a protective connection between multiple sclerosis and vitamin D serum levels directly. [123]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the spread of longitude and exposure to the sun, which in turn are associated with levels of vitamin D.
In animal models of inflammation of the brain and spinal experimental autoimmune (a model for MS), it could be vitamin D and thus reduces the incidence of [124] and delay progression of the disease. [125] Moreover, there may be synergies between vitamin D and MS standard treatment, interferon beta. [126] The benefits of vitamin D may be associated with ease of demyelination of nerve cells in the laboratory. [127]

Vitamin D seems to exert protective effects in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

Nucific Bio X4. Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder associated with a cholinergic deficiency signals and synaptic function. Vitamin D mechanisms seem therapeutic promise for Alzheimer's disease [128] as is the case in other neurological diseases, vitamin D appears in the blood serum to be inversely linked with risk of AD; [129] It seems that the risk to be a little less than Parkinson's, who have low levels of serum vitamin D. [130] found [131] forms of vitamin D receptors in AD, [132] and low serum vitamin D in the elderly has some predictive validity (evaluation by analyzing a subset; a small sample). [133]

Although weaker than the other links, there seems to be some correlation between Alzheimer's disease and vitamin D.
It was found vitamin D to stimulate immune cells to catabolize aggregates of β-amyloid protein in the laboratory. [134]


5.6. Parkinson's

Vitamin D tends to be inversely associated with the risk of [135] [136] and future candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease [137] since there seems to be having an affair with one of these forms and the risk of Parkinson's disease. [138] Interestingly, people with Parkinson's disease seem to have less mainstream counterparts vitamin D to do the same age with Alzheimer's disease [130] [131], and it seems to exist before the diagnosis of PE (through pathology early) [139], which tend to decline further as the disease progresses. [131] [140]

Low vitamin D in the blood serum is associated with an increased risk of other diseases (PD) and is associated with the severity of the condition.
It has been hypothesized that, because of the stabilizing effect of vitamin D in nerve cells, shortage may predispose neurons toxic stress factors. [141] [142] have found the study of vitamin D deficiency in mice caused by toxic insult (perceived as a means to induce PD) any damage during the worsening shortage, however. [143] This is in contrast to previous studies in vitro [144] and animals [145], where excess levels of vitamin D3 neurons protected stresses up to 100 ng / ml (higher concentrations associated with toxicity). [144]

Mechanically, vitamin D may protect nerve cells from stress, but does not seem to lack inherently increases the risk of nerve damage in cells associated with Parkinson's disease.
Currently, there are no clinical trials to assess people with PD pathology and PD (cognitive results). Some studies have assessed the rates of hip fractures, which are addressed in the section on bone health.

5.7. Sleep quality

It has been hypothesized [146] that a lack of vitamin D is necessary for "B" recently troubled sleep patterns [147] [148], which is associated with almost when most humans began spending more time at home. [146]

Some human studies suggest improved quality of sleep with vitamin D, but is performed both in people who suffer from chronic pain to be normalized to a lack of adequate levels of [149] or confused with other nutrients such as Magnolia officinalis and soy isoflavones. It showed [150] studies promise, but there have been no controlled studies with vitamin D in isolation.

It is plausible that vitamin D deficiency can hinder the quality of sleep and the state of the unification of vitamin D can normalize the sleep function to some extent. There is limited evidence of this relationship at this time.
Vitamin D levels above 85nmol / L (34ng / ml), which is above enough, and there were anecdonately to the deterioration of the quality of sleep, according to assess REM.


6. Cardiovascular Health

6.1. The risk of disease

Those with insufficient vitamin D levels are more likely to develop heart disease than those who do not significantly. [151]

He concluded One systematic review at least 1000IU of vitamin D per day can reduce the risk of heart disease and blood vessels on the basis of biomarkers of systemic, [152]

In healthy women after the age of despair given 400 IU of vitamin D 1000IU or during the period of 1 year, did not notice any great benefit that the risk of heart disease and blood vessels. [153]

Bio X4. blood pressure

And vitamin D are required with respect to the first blood pressure when it was observed that UV was able to reduce blood pressure in the general population. [154] [155] Studies susbequent using VDR- mice knockout receptors (mice that lack the vitamin D receptor, to see what happens in a form in any activity of vitamin D receptor) mice appear to show high blood pressure [156] possible secondary to increase angiotensin serum, and tissue renin androstenedione. [157]

Vitamin D seems to suppress the renin through the activation of vitamin D inducers receptors renin production tend to work through the camp in the meadows renin in the heart has many items sensitive camp response, [158] and found that vitamin D may directly suppress renin gene expression through vitamin D response element, which is present in the renin gene. [157]

Vitamin D seems to be a negative regulator of the expression of renin, and reduces the activity of the renin-angiotensin device (RAS). And a lack of vitamin D reduces the activity of suppression and increases the RAS system, which increases the blood pressure in later.
The analysis showed on the subject of vitamin D and blood pressure [159] A ten research experiences of people with high blood pressure found that there was a decrease in systolic blood pressure that is not statistically significant (95% - from 8.0 to 0.7) with a small decline, but statistically significant, in diastolic blood pressure (95% CI -5.5 to -0.6) and indicated that vitamin D does not exercise any blood pressure to reduce the effects in people but blood pressure. [159]

A study using 1mcg active vitamin D hormone that 4 months of treatment were able to lower diastolic blood pressure in people with high blood pressure, but only in those with low blood pressure renin. [160]

It has been observed 800IU of vitamin D3 (1200 mg of calcium) for the 9.3% drop in systolic blood pressure in elderly women for a period of 8 weeks, which was more than the active control (1,200mg of calcium isolation). [161]

Drop in blood pressure associated with vitamin D supplementation in humans and appears to be weak in size, and probably depends on the change in the metabolism (which would cause high blood pressure), but it seems a little less blood pressure in some people with high blood pressure.
Tabs is the effect of the pressure probably is not strong and can not be reliable enough to be considered a single to lower blood pressure, but can be a good supplement to other drugs.

63. Heart tissue

In mice that lack the vitamin D receptor (VDR - / - mice), seem to have cardiac hypertrophy (up to 22% higher than the control mice) as a side effect [162], which is due to an increase in angiotensin stated II (AGE II ) in VDR - / - mice [157] [163] and is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy [164] [165] treatment with captopril, an ACE inhibitor, which prevents the production of AGE II, reduced cardiac hypertrophy in. Vitamin D mice that are deficient. [162]

It seems that mice that lack the receptor for vitamin D to expand the heart due to increased serum angiotensin II and increasing the activity system RAS.

6.4. Blood flow

And the case of vitamin D is associated with hardening of the arteries and the weakness of the blood vessels in healthy humans. [166]

Vitamin D levels have been associated with the widening flow-mediated brachial in type 2 diabetics, and this shows that play an important role in heart function, especially in people who suffer from medical conditions. [167]

A State of vitamin D in part helps explain the difference in risk of peripheral arterial disease in the population darker (which is more likely to be deficient in vitamin D). [168]

Completion of 3320IU / d of vitamin D improve various health indicators of cardiovascular health during weight loss helped [169]


Sixty five. Arteriosclerosis

It has been observed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (oxidative stress in a particular organelle inside the cell) is pivotall for the production of foam cells [170] through the secondary damage to macrophage cholesterol accumulation. It seems [171] [172] macrophages isolated vitamin D mice deficient characterized by high levels of tension ER [156] and this normalization agents stress is known to reduce stress ER normalization show increased production of foam cells in the vitamin D mice that are deficient. [156] This suggests that vitamin D works to reduce atherosclerosis ER reduction of oxidative stress in macrophages and subsequently prevent the formation of foam cells. [156]

And these effects are mediated through the vitamin D receptor, [173] and can be related to a change in phenotype of macrophages M2 to M1, which seems to be less artherogenic. [174] macrophages M2 (caused by IL-4 and IL-10 or immune complex) are known to be anti-inflammatory, but have a greater potential to accumulate fat and become foam cells artherogenic [175] [176], while the M1 cells induced IFN- γ tend to be immune cells and recruits pro-inflammatory but expresses receptors that facilitate connective egression of plaque and anti artherogenic. [177] [178] [156]

Vitamin D seems to move to suppress artherogenesis by reducing oxidation in macrophages (immune cells) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER stress causes the accumulation of fat and cholesterol, which have become macrophages and foam cells and then '', which then contribute to the panel. Vitamin D eased this process.

Bio X4. interactions with glucose metabolism

7.1. Insulin sensitivity

And vitamin D levels are associated inversely with insulin resistance in adults without diabetes [179]

Vitamin D levels were associated inversely with insulin levels in the blood serum of adolescents in the United States. People were with the level of serum 75nmol / L or more lower by about 24% on average of insulin who have vitamin D levels lower levels. [180]

Vitamin D levels are associated inversely with insulin resistance in children obese and non-obese. [181]

And vitamin D levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic adults even. [179]

During the test of tolerance to glucose, and topics that were considered to have adequate levels of vitamin D (50 nmol / L or less) were more likely to be insulin resistant and have a defect in the beta of those higher levels of vitamin D. Serum cells [182]

It was found vitamin D supplements to improve insulin sensitivity in people who have a deficiency in vitamin D, and improved tolerance glucose tolerance test. [183]


7.2. Diabetes

Low vitamin D levels in the blood increase the risk of developing diabetes. [184]

Higher levels of vitamin D prevent the emergence of type 2 diabetes disease [185]

Linked low levels of vitamin D with complications of type 1 diabetes [186]

Vitamin D supplementation improves the outcome of type 2 diabetes disease [187]



8. fat mass and obesity

8.1. Associations

We've been hypothesized that vitamin D is a contributing factor possible failure of obesity, [188] on the basis of the assumption that the vitamin acts D in the blood and a sensor to sunlight stimulates the seasonal decrease energy consumption; this energy is then increased body mass and decrease body surface area in relation to the granting of thermal feature in cold conditions and according to the law Bergman. [189] [190] This study aimed to summarize the development with a potential mechanism for activation of AgRP / NPY neural circuits theory while suppressing POMC / basket of energy consumption circuits (although it did not provide evidence) with one comment in support of this hypothesis. [191]

Moreover, it was found that vitamin D levels lower in obese subjects compared with similar demographic controls [192] [193] [194] including pregnant mothers [195] there is an increase in thyroid hormone in the blood, and vitamin D to delete usually. [196] for each increase of 1 kg / M2 at IMC seems that serum vitamin D (and is associated with an increase of 10% with less than 4.2% of vitamin D) by 1.15% and fell. [197]

There is a theory indicate the status of vitamin D deficiency contributes to the prevalence of obesity, but logic is somewhat tense, and rely on excessive consumption of calories. Partnership has been observed between the state of the lowest vitamin D and obesity in many experiments.

8.2. Speeches

Rose a study conducted on mice with 10 IU of vitamin D3 per kilogram of feed (relative to the control 1iu / kg) and vitamin D in the blood of about 175 to 425pg / ml pointed out that the increase in independent fat mass to achieve the overall gains weight is associated with increased expression of PPAR? (122% increase), and secretion of TNF-α (208% increase) and suppression of UCP2. [198]

In humans, the supplements of vitamin D3 4000IU daily with endurance training and a drink after training (the same in both groups) a tendency to increase the accumulation of fat mass during the period of the experiment, but this did not reach significance. [199] Elsewhere, the trial in the weight / obesity increase due 1000 IU of vitamin D a day for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in fat mass (2.7 +/- 2.1 kg lost with vitamin D, 0.47 +/- 2.7 kg lost placebo) independent of changes in body weight. [200]

There is also no significant effect on fat mass in general or of possible pro-obesogenic associated with supplementation of vitamin D in high doses influence.