Also known as
Nucific Bio X4
Cordyceps sinensis, militaris Cordyceps, caterpillar fungus, Cetepiller fungus, and summer grass winter worm, Totsu kasu, Yarchakunbu, AwetoTaking (the recommended dose, active and quantities, and other details)
Cordyceps has been used in human trials within the scope of 1,000-3,000mg dose a day, either in a single dose or multiple doses with meals. There is no indication of whether this is the optimal dose or not, and it is not known whether this dose is still effective where it became part of the research zero.
Cordyceps mushroom is usually used to treat impotence and fertility in Chinese medicine as well as a general tonic and sexual libido enhancer / performance. [3] [4] This fungus belongs to the phylum Ascomycoa and cystic in the sub-family of languages, and class Clavicipataceae. Seen as a whole, and medical. [4]
There are several types of Cordyceps. Sinensis is the most commonly used species, is displayed on the Cordyceps to contain biologically active compound Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). It is also present in Militaris and kyushuensis. [4] [5] and the isolation of Cordycepin dating back to 1950, I discovered for the first time in Militaris. [6] It is known as Cordycepin nucleotide analog, due to structural similarities with adenosine. [7]
Cordyceps has a strong anti-oxidant, but its strength is very different from one sample to another. [8] anti-oxidant effects of Cordyceps content comes mostly polysaccharide, and powerful on an equal footing between the mycelium and fruiting body Cordyceps. [8]
1.2. Installation
Cordyceps, like mushrooms, and contains a variety of vehicles including:
Cordycepin, seen as the main biologically active, which is also known as 3'-deoxyadenosine [9]
Ergosterol and ergosterol palmitate [10]
"Cordycepic acid", which is only D- mannitol, [11] but some related compounds, such as 3,4-O-isopropylidene-D- mannitol [10]
(Sinensis mycelium) 25.5mcg glucosamine / ml (standard culture) and can be scaled to 13.1-29.3mg / ml [12]
(Kyushuensis) Sodium (15,238mcg / g) and potassium (23,860mcg / g), calcium (6248mcg / g) and magnesium (5630mcg / g), iron (556mcg / g) and zinc (32.9mcg / g)
(In adults selenium enriched mushrooms), selenomethionine, and selanate senelite [13]
Some bioactive amines:
Cordymin (MAPPYGYRTPDAAQ sequence of amino acids) [14]
"CMP" fruiting bodies [15]
Peptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyric acid [3] that is both soluble and non-water soluble components of water with properties similar testosterone increase [16]
Biologically active sugars
F2 polysaccharide soluble in water to 13.46% of the dry weight or less [16]
F3, soluble in water sparingly with a nitrogen content of 84.85% of the dry weight or less (that this study does not use pure) F3 [16]
CS-PS (12 kDa, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose to 38.37%, 2.51%, 2.21%, 5.22%, 27.44% and 24.25% of the total polysaccharide) [17]
CME-1, A mannose specific: Milk 4: 6 spingomyelinase polysaccharide is an inhibitor of [18]
CMP polysaccharide (polysaccharide extract is made up of 65.4% of the dry weight of Cordyceps) that the main biologically active part, CMP-II (16,7% of the dry) weight, with 56.4: Milk glucose ratio of 26.4: 17.2: mannose and 89.48% of the Gross weight sugars being [19]
Last polysaccharide (CPS1) with glucose: galactose: mannose, but in the ratio of 2.8: 1: 2.9 and 99% sugar by weight [20]
1.3. Structure Cordycepin
It is known as nucleotide analog Cordycepin because of structural similarities to adenosine.
2. nerves
21. fatigue
150-300mg / kg of hot water extract of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis orally to rats (mostly carbohydrates), and the time it took for mice to become fatigued during the swimming test by one degree similar with both doses and was about (the value derived graphically) increased 12.5 %. [21]
2.2. Stress
And is linked to the consumption of 150 mg / kg of extract hot water for a week in mice with low vital signs to reduce stress in total cholesterol (effectively control stress normalization) and decreased decay in the spleen weight (24%), adrenal (91%) and liver (37 %). [21]
Bio X4 Impact on hormones
3.1. Testosterone
Cordyceps can reduce the generation of HCG and steroid stimulate camp (PKA and possibly by inhibiting P450scc 30%, the enzyme which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone). Showed [22] This same study that Cordyceps does not reduce testosterone production when incubated with co androstenedione, or pregnenolone, suggesting that does not affect the enzymes in the back of the steroid generation. [22] Interestingly, this study also showed that Cordyceps forskolin was able to prevent the generation of steroid-induced, and induced the camp and how Koleos forskohlii herb increases testosterone. [22] It has been observed that the inhibition of the synthesis of testosterone from stimulating the camp and HCG elsewhere, [23] [24] and PKA inhibition suppresses the effects of Cordyceps. [25]
Reception in stimulating hormone (LH), which is usually paid through the generation of steroid path depends camp, Cordyceps cells can suppress embrace this waterfall
In unstimulated cells intentionally HCG, and the removal of secretions Corcyceps increase testosterone reliably of cells with ideal concentration of 3 mg / ml, as shown in studies to respond separate dose. [16] [23] higher concentrations of 10 mg / ml are associated with low testosterone related baseline. [23] This protein fragments have been implicated in Cordyceps be active [16] vehicles, although Cordycepin seems to be active. [25] Food isolate Cordycepin to 40 mg / kg of body weight does not increase testosterone in vivo, however, still is the case when injected demonstrating the bioavailability of the poor. [25]
It was the opposite effect was observed in untreated cells through the LH receptor, and can increase the secretion of the hormone testosterone in these scenarios
It was found that the fungus Cordyceps militaris 1 or 5% by weight of the diet to increase circulating testosterone levels in mice after 6 weeks of supplementation. [26] During this period, body weight did not differ significantly between the groups, and the content of epididymal sperm by 53% and 37%, respectively, by 1% and 5% diet and increase traffic 31% and 19%. Serum testosterone rose to about 700pg / ml contact with fluctuating slightly less than 600 g / ml during the period of 6 weeks control. The peaks irregular and showed a tendency to significant difference in two weeks in a range of 5%, and cut to the baseline in the 5 weeks, and then nailed to be significantly different in 6-8 weeks; and it was from eating 1% stable relatively even were five Weeks was lying over and remained significantly different from control to stop in 8 weeks. [26] found another study on mice immature (without the influence of the hormone to stimulate the palaces of Central gonads) rose this 0.02-0.2g / kg body weight of circulating testosterone relatively equal (3.83 and 3.69 ng / ml, respectively) from baseline 1.38 +/- 0.047ng / ml [16] While soluble proteins are isolated parts water intake requires 0.2 g / kg of body weight. [16] Although these studies in mice are immature, and the study suggests no differences in the synthesis of testosterone in the immature and mature. [27]
And seen more dramatic peaks with intraperitoneal injection of cordycepin, and show increases testosterone makes them dependent. It was found that 40 mg / kg of body weight for 7 days in mice to increase testosterone +/- 2.88 0.19pg / UL 10.97 +/- 2.31pg / UL. The [25] This is the height of the commissioner through upregulation of A2A adenosine receptors (-7 three times) with a concomitant decrease in the A2B recpetor content [25] incubation company with a discount A2A receptors (in this study has been used CSC; Caffeine is a discount A2A popular) reduce the increase testosterone by 20%, but the inhibition of A3 reduced by 50%. [25] The final effect is that Cordycepin upregulates stolen enzyme, the transfer of cholesterol metabolism in the mitochondria to generate step in reducing the rate of steroid.
Cordyceps seems to increase the synthesis of testosterone in rats, and has multiple compounds that can do this (fragments of the protein, cordycepin); showing parts of the protein to be biologically related to 0.40 mg / kg oral Cordycepin do nothing to testosterone in rats but 0.2 mg / kg every Cordyceps regard. Cordyceps may have the organizational characteristics of testosterone, and testosterone is not blind nailing
3.2. Estrogen
Militaris Cordyceps supplements has been shown to raise levels of estradiol in rats fed 1% or 5% of its food and the mycelium, and despite the fact that a significant peak is observed after 2 weeks supplementation (of 30pg / ml range 60-70) and fell to the baseline at 4 weeks, and it remained different control is negligible. [26]
Bio X4 Follicle stimulating hormone
Despite the increase in mice sperm content, and do not have a significant impact on the follicle-stimulating hormone have seen with oral intake of Cordyceps 1-5 militaris% in the diet of male rats. [26]
3. 4. hormone
Significant effects on hormone levels not seen in male rats after oral intake of 1% or 5% Cordyceps militaris diet for 6 weeks traded. [26]
3.5. Prolactin
No more than 6 weeks of eating mycelium significant effects on prolactin either 1% or 5% dietary intake of Cordyceps militaris. [26]
4. Inflammation and Immunology
4.1. Macrophages
A polysaccharide fruiting bodies of sinensis seems that splenocytes mitogenic properties, and the ability to increase the phagocytosis of macrophages by 12% to 50-100mg / kg of body weight, [17] Although sugars are among the most common immune Cordyceps species. Militaris faced immune stimulation (stimulation of nitric oxide macrophages and TNF-α) [19] and soybean sprouts grown Militaris. [28]
5. oxidation reactions
5.1. Mechanisms
Some sugars Cordyceps seems to be in the laboratory antioxidant properties in vivo [17] or. [20]
5.2. Speeches
D- milk after injection in mice, which mimics the effects of aging and mediated oxidation, and the supplementation with Cordyceps militaris able to reduce oxidation by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in the body. Commissioner through the polysaccharide content. [29] have been seen these same effects with sugars Tai Cordyceps. [30] anti-oxidant effects of sinensis and Militaris is equivalent to some extent Sinensis with a little more force. [31]
6. Peripheral Systems
6.1. Kidneys
Cordyceps has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to preventive effects on the kidney tissue diseases such as rheumatoid or pyelogram chronic nephritis, kidney or public kidney failure. [32]
A concentration of 100 mg / ml Cordyceps (both c. Sinensis c. Militaris) unable to stop the growth of kidney cells (mesangial cells) stimulated by LDL. [33]
Cordyceps has shown benefits in cases of a kidney transplant in nature (injection of 0.5 ml or 1.0 ml one hour before Cordyceps harmful stressful in mice [34]) and in synergy with immunosuppressive cyclosporine A dose subtherapeutic the latter, [35] (a synergy that can be spread to members other [36]), which is believed to be linked to the special immunity and anti-inflammatory properties, and there tends to be less infiltration of immune cells with a combination tranplanted device. [35] [36] It has been observed less maintenance dose of cyclosporine A in humans given Cordyceps in the months after kidney replacement. [37]
There are two types of experiments on humans pass Cordyceps kidney transplant (c. Sinensis) [2] [37], where 1 gram of the supplement three times a day with other immunity appears to reduce urine protein and rates of morbidity of chronic nerve graft relative Cordyceps control. [37] There was toxicity device reduction witnessed in the following months with Cordyceps (7.53%) compared to the control group (18.35%) type, although when assessing liver ALT enzymes in patients without any hepatoxocitiy differences [37] mixed results suggest that the relative increase in [2] or no differences [37] in surviviability compared to controls.
Cordyceps appears to be beneficial when administered after a kidney transplant to reduce the infiltration of immune cells (step lead to the rejection of organ damage and possible) and when administered to humans codyceps seems that the protective effects of treatment with standard immunity
Bio X4 interaction with cancer
7.1. Chest
In the laboratory, Cordycepin seems to induce apoptosis and to reduce the spread of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) with IC50 nearly 100uM. [38] Although the effect of each cell lines, appeared mechanisms vary.
In cells that do not respond to estrogen (MDA-MB-231), Cordycepin seems to induce DNA fragmentation in a manner dependent on the time and focus, leading to apoptosis. This seems to be related to a statement from the cytochrome of mitochondria to the cytoplasm associated with activation of caspases and PARP cleavage. [38] is a common aqueous extract in your thoughts Coryceps these effects associated with polarization in the mitochondrial membrane, apart from carrying through inhibition of AKT that are added with the inhibition of PI3K / AKT in the laboratory. [39] Only one other study has antiproliferative effects observed in this cell line, but very confused with other bioactive mushrooms. [40]
In MCF-7 cells, and cell death appeared to be self-phagocytosis. [38] Cordycepin not to cause DNA fragmentation, but 200um Resume gaps caused by phagocytosis and associated clearly with the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, which is usually thought to be a biomarker for self engorgement. It was unclear [41] The exact mechanism, but independent of the estrogen receptor. [38] Beyond apoptosis, Cordyceps ethanol acetate part (mycelium) in general appear to have antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 cells with IC50 value of 44.7ug / ml (87.37 +/- 1.61 Oil micrograms / ml, 79.57 + / - 2.68ug ethanol / mL, and water is effective). [Eleven]
Another element, Cordymin shows (peptide) also prevent the spread of breast cancer MCF-7 cells at concentrations up to 5 mg / mL, but not more than 50% in disability. [14] The biological significance of this is unknown because of the large molecular weight (10,906Da) are long polypeptide may not absorbed in vivo. It was another peptide (12 kDa) capable of inducing cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and reduce the susceptibility of 33.41 +/- 3.81% of the control over 15 or with IC50 of 9.3μM in the laboratory. [fifteen]
Finally, in 4T1 cells very soft line Cordyceps extract injected water soluble (10-50mg / kg) malignant tumor prevent large as measured in the lung (when the tumors were injected into the rodents) without significantly affect the size of the tumor at all. [42] In this study, the hypothesis that immunity Cordyceps properties easing macrophage made 4T1 cells from the G0 / G1 phase to GM, which manifested itself in the laboratory raised rate. [42]
A variety of vehicles that can benefit from breast cancer by reducing cell proliferation or induce the death of cancer cells, but is put any of these mechanisms currently in the models of life compared with the active control drug (to assess the effectiveness)
7.2. blood cancer
In the comparison of different fractions of Cordyceps mycelium in HL-60 ethanol (87.57 +/- 1.69), and ethanol ethyl (21.77 +/- 1.30) and oil cells (62.87 + / - 1.49), but no water is extracted some antiproliferative effects show up with those values IC50 Including. [Eleven]
7.3. skin cancer
In the laboratory, and it seems that Cordyceps mycelium extracts to prevent the proliferation of cells with IC50 values of B16 melanoma cells in 99.47 +/- 1.67ug / ml in ethanol and acetate ethanol 12.17 +/- 1.24ug / ml, with excerpts from the water and oil is somewhat effective . [11] because it has been testing the fracture strength ethyl acetate in B16 tumors implanted with 0.05 mg / kg (injection) and tumor weight by 48% although it had less to do with the mice in the active control of Cytoxan (62%). [11] When comparing these biologically active extracts, ethyl acetate seem to have a great deal of ergosterol. [Eleven]
7.4. Liver Cancer
In HepG2 cells, Cordyceps mycelium showing some adverse effects of the weak proliferative with ethanol (84.27 +/- 1.32ug / ml), ethyl acetate (16.27 +/- 1.39ug / ml), and oil derivatives (132.37 +/- 1.31ug / ml) , and values their IC50. [Eleven]
7.5. Colon and rectum
Cordyceps extract seems generally to reduce the spread of colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW480) secondary to anti-inflammatory effects, and prevent induced NF- kB activity of TNF-α. [43]
Looking Cordyceps specific biologically active (this study used cell Colon205) line, there were no significant IC50 values, but some notable Cordycepin (+/- 32.6 3.2ug / ml) and ergosterol palmitate (62.4 + / - 3.2ug / ml) [10] This study also think that these mechanisms are secondary to anti-inflammatory effects, these effects have been observed in the colon previously in vivo [44].
Cordyceps does not have a peptide bioactive (which showed activity against breast cancer cells) in the same anti-proliferative activity against colon cancer cells [14] and also an extract of n-butanol and chloroform Cordyceps (Sinensis) does not significantly reduce the proliferation of Colon205 cell adenocarcinoma. Conducted [45] None of these studies in cultures with mediators of immune cells.
May interact with the immune system (suppression inside) is indirectly against cancer, but shares in the relatively poor cell cultures and there are no currently exists in vivo evidence
7.6. Bladder
I noticed in vitro study using bladder cancer cells (5637) that the cell line of 15 or peptide known as CMP was able to reduce the vulnerability of 39.06 +/- 15.60% control with IC50 8.1 or. [15] is not established a mechanism CMP.
Was Cordycepin in IC50 of 200um capable of carrying inhibition dose-dependent growth arrest possibly through G2 / M- phase in each of 5637 and T-24 cell lines with downregulation of several molecules are associated with the phase G2 / M (pCdc25c and cdc25C, and pCdc2 Cdc2 , cyclin B1). [46] does not seem to P27 and p53 protein that is involved in this arrest, with the activation of JNK by Cordycepin that appears to mediate the beneficial effects. [46] One of concurrent reduction in AP-1, NF-KB and MMP-9 activity may be associated with genomic actions of cordycepin in bladder cancer cells. [47]
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